- Scale factor to design different sizes
- Elastic corrections in the lines, depending on the load
- Plans prepared for printing on paper (amateur use) or for computer cutting table (professional use).
- Design aids to facilitate the work of sewing
- Support for the division of the sail panels in colors (testing)
- Horizontal straps
- V-ribs (two cells without lines)
- VH-ribs (three cells without lines, in testing)
- Rotation of triangles in space for single surface paragliders (choice of double "ds" or simple surface "ss" paraglider! in testing). BHL paragliders design.
- In general, better presentation of the plans, although there is still much room for improvement
- 2D steering allowed (two or more main brake lines)

2.33:


2.35:


2.40 (2015-09-04):

-  Distance between equidistant points of control seam at the bottom of the profiles, improved (fixed a bug). Thanks to Scott from Utah - USA.
-  Few improvements in the drawing number 6 of 2D drawings "Calage estimation". The calculation of the angle of attack of the wing (alpha) and angle of the airfoil chord with respect horizon (theta) or "assiette", now is drawn correctly (fixed a bug). Thanks to Yuri from Crimea. More info in excell file: Balance_calculus.xls
- Changed executable name from a.out or a.exe to lep-2.40.out or lep-2.40.exe (optional)
- V-ribs "type 3" now possible
- V-ribs "type 5" new type "full continous diagonal rib" includes parabolic and elliptical holes (very especial thanks to Scott for supporting leparagliding developement)
- In lep-out.txt output file added summary of ribs and panel lenghts differences
- Preprocessor 1.2 version "Gurzuf" with more info written in the output file (area, span)
- Graphical user interface (first ideas)

          - Using new reformatting option (fully adjustable) for high accuracy in length between panels and ribs,
             corrections in lenght and distorsion. And many others improvements.
          - Using DOUBLE PRECISION real variables and double precision trigonometric functions in Fortran code

- Read README.txt file for details

- V-rib type 6 is fully functional. Type 6 is a general diagonal. It's very simple. A trapezoidal diagonal ranging from rib number i to rib number i+1. But the rib is totally configurable in size and position. It has been designed to develop competition paragliders CCC types, which need to jump between 4 and 5 cells without lines. But it can also serve to design simplest paragliders, and replacing some of the types of diagonals described above. It is also very useful to define transverse horizontal strips located in all parts of the wing (the tapes have not necessarily coincide  with the anchor points).
- In final report lep-out.txt, area and span, calculated also in ft2 and ft
- Improved location of decimal numbering of all V-ribs types.
- Read section 10 of the manual: (...) "i11" indicates rib number "i", where anchor the top line of the brakes. This number, usually an integer. Nevertheless, some versions ago was added an interesting and not documented feature. Is possible define a decimal which means the displacement of the anchoring point between the rib "i" and the rib and "i+1". For example, 8.4 means anchor the line in the trailing edge, between rib 8 and 9, and 40% from the rib 8. This effect is now visible in 2D and 3D

-------------------------------------------------------------------
- Added the possibility of using "middle unloaded ribs". Very easy to use: In section "2. AIRFOILS" at the last column use the parameter "100", means to place a complete unloaded rib in the middle of the panel, and the left corresponding rib. Similarly, as defined in the mini-ribs. But the parameter "100" activates a new specific programation. New plan numbered "1-6" with the new middle ribs numbered and marked.
- "Mini-ribs" are redefined, and now in section "2. AIRFOILS" at the last column, if you use the parameter "15", means to place a 15% mini-rib in the middle of the panel, and at the LEFT of the corresponding rib. Previously, mini-rib it was placed on the RIGHT. But it is better set at the left, so you can specify a minirib the center of the wing (Mini-rib specified in the left first rib). And this is consistent with the new middle unloaded ribs.
- Applied little optional displacement (to the center of the wing) in the points marking the position of the miniribs. Third parameter in the line of section "7. MARKS" of the datafile. Before, this displacement was set to default to zero.
- All 2D-plans renamed whit the notation "i-j" that means row "i" and column "j".

Added new option. Set automatic washin angles from center airfoil to wingtip.
At request from Yuri (Crimea).
How to use: Below line 21 in leparagliding.txt data file:

* Alpha max and parameter
3.5   2  -1.0

- First number "3.5" is the angle of attack (degres) in wingtip airfoil
- Second number "2" is a control parameter that means case "2", ie, add new number indicating the angle of attack of the central airfoil
- Third number "-1.0" is the angle of attack (degres) of the central airfoil

The distribution angles of attack is made proportional to the wing chord (similar to case "1"). See "lep-out.txt" to view the result.

1) Added new option in V-ribs "type-3", at request from Yuri.
Diagonal rib type 3, indicated by 10 numbers.
Previously, the columns 9 and 10, were not used. And set to "0".
Now (in version 2.52++ and following), if the column 9 is set to "1", this means that the radius
defined in columns 7 "r-" and 8 "r+" , are now defined in % of the chord of the profile, not in cm.
This allows definition of the diagonals widths automatically, and proportional to the profile chord.
Thus, it is achieved a perfect match in the widths of the contiguous diagonals and chord proportionality.

2) Internal fortran subroutine "vredis" (vector redistribution) improved, because in some cases
(when used very small widths in V-ribs) were errors in the forms of V-ribs. Now fixed.

3) Version 2.52++ packs version 1.4 of the pre-processor.

1) Corrected some problems using an even number of cells
When we define paragliders using an even number of cells, the central profile has a coordinate x = 0.0 along span, and program use internally a "virtual centrall cell" with a zero thickness.
This can cause some numerical errors when calculating angles or divisions by zero. The result is usually an unreadable DXF file. Now, if the central profile located at x = 0.0, the program adds internally +0.01 cm (a tenth of a millimeter) and it seems that there are no numerical errors. [Section 4.2 in source code file .f].

2) The labels of the lines now automatically written on the schematic drawing in the form of tree. This prevents errors, and had to The labels of the lines now automatically written on the schematic drawing in the form of tree. This prevents errors, and had to draw them manually. :)

3) Added more geometric parameters in lep-out.txt report

Since version 2.71 LEparagliding has an expanded data file structure with respect to the previous version 2.60. Sections 1 to 18 of version 2.60 are the same as those of versions greater than 2.71. But new version has addicitonal sections numbered 19,20,21 ... up to 31. To convert a file from version 2.60 to higher version, just add the new sections at the end of the archive leparagliding.txt. Program versions greater than 2.71 are the result of working intensively in the source code of LEparagliding. There is a lot of invisible work in subroutines and code improvements.

Most of the data included in the new sections can be considered as "invariant parameters", sections 19,20,24,25,28,30,31. That is, they can be used as default values for any new model.  The new parameters allow for greater control of the DXF results and add some new features. Extension of the DXF-2D plans to an array 4 rows x of 7 columns (28 plans). Plan 1-7 used for rods. New plan 4-7 includes general text notes for constructor. New sections save a lot of drawing work with CAD, and now the paraglider is almost finished from the program. Section 31 allows skin tension with control of up to 100 points and applicable individually to each panel.

Main features added in lep-3.10 over precedent version:

Data file leparagliding.txt:
Section 29. 3D-shaping active.
Section 20.  Marks types, activated type8 which allows control of position and size of roman numerals
New plans added in file leparagliding.dxf:
Box (1,8) Intermediate and ovalized airfoils (*)
Box (-1,3) and (-1,5) extrados panels with 3D cuts
Box (0,3) and (0,5) intrados panels with 3D cuts
New graphics in lep-3d.dxf: intermetiade and ovalized airfoils are draw if desired.
New three informative sections added in lep-out.txt file:
Section 9. 3D internal calculus values, informative (**)
Section 10. The quotient between the lengths of the panel and ribs, for extrados and intrados.
Section 11. Counting of points in all profiles, informative

(*) Plan (1,8) shows median airfoils between rib i and i-1 and the corresponding ovalized median airfoil, including marks of the points j1,j2,j3,j4,j5,j6,j7 used in the defintion of the 3D-shaping.
(**) Section 9, with the length ot the arch of airfoil (d1) and the arch of the ovalized airfoil (d2), the differences of longitude (d2-d1) calculated automatically in each zone, and the amplitude value (f) applied consistently to each cut using the values (d2-d1) of the adjacent zones and the coefficient aof depth of the 3D effect. According to theoretical study.

Version 3.16 contains a major change from the previous ones. Now is possible to individually control the rotations of the profiles in space on three axes X,Y,Z (previously we could only adjust two rotations in X,Y).

In leparagliding.txt SECTION 1, when writing the geometry matrix, two additional columns must be added:

- The column in position 10, indicates the rotations of the profiles with respect to the vertical Z-axis, before being rotated on a horizontal Y-axis. This serves (optionally) to better align the profiles to the glide path.
- The column in position 11, indicates the position of the vertical axis in % of the chord.

If preferred, columns 10 and 11 can be defined with values set to zero, and the additional rotation will not be taken into account, the result of the geometric model will be exactly the same as in the previous versions. If you do not type the two additional columns, the program will continue to run, assigning 0.0 values to the unwritten values by default. Thus the program 3.16 is compatible with previous file structures (3.15 and earlier).

The values of Z-rotation and position are added to section 3 of the lep-out.txt report.

Added in lep-out.txt new section "12.  ANGLES BETWEEN AIRFOIL PLANE AND GLIDEPATH LINE  (phi) and local AoA (chi)". Use the phi values as a reference and guidance to interactively adjust rotation values around Z-axis, to meet the objectives. Use chi values to know the local angle of attack and iteratively adjust the washin if necessary.

When working with version 3.16, it is recommended to do the calculations in a minimum of two steps:

1) In file leparagliding.txt, column 10 of the geometry matrix (SECTION 1). Set the rotation values around the Z axis to 0.00, this is like doing a traditional LEparagliding model. Run the program and open the lep-out.txt file. In section 12 you will find a list of angles in degrees. These angles, which we will call "phi" are the angle that forms the plane of the profile with the glide path line. Write down these values.

2) Modify the leparagliding.txt file. In column 10 of the geometry matrix, set the angles phi obtained above. When you run the program again and check the result of the list of angles in lep-out.txt section 12, you will check that the angles between the profile plane and the trajectory will be almost zero! This means that the profiles will be perfectly aligned with the flow. Of course, at your discretion, you can define other rotation values in column 10 of the geometry matrix, and measure the angles in space yourself (lep-3d.dxf file), with other objectives.

If you are curious, you can read the mathematical basis of the news improvements, on this page:
http://www.laboratoridenvol.com/leparagliding/advanced/airfoilsrotation/airfoilsrotation.en.html

V-ribs Type-5 now work correctly at left side of the wingtip (bug found by Paweł).

Still checking why the program does not generate dxf correctly with some specific "Z" rotation values.

SECTION 26. GLUE VENTS

Added the following vents types, fully functional:

- Vent type  4 (general diagonal vent, adjustable at left and right, attached to extrados)
- Vent type -4 (general diagonal vent, adjustable at left and right, attached to intrados)
- Vent type  5 (general arc vent, adjustable at left, right, and arc depth, attached to extrados)
- Vent type -5 (general arc vent, adjustable at left, right, and arc depth, attached to intrados)
- Vent type  6 (ellipse inlet, with two parameters indicating widths of the ellipse on x and y axes, attached to extrados)
- Vent type -6 (ellipse inlet, with two parameters indicating widths of the ellipse on x and y axes, attached to intrados)

Note that type 4 also includes cases 0,1,2,3, and type -4 cases 0,-1,-2,-3. Finally type 5 includes case 4, and -5 includes case -4.
See the explanatory drawings in the manual. Read more here.


SECTION 32. PARAMETERS FOR PARTS SEPARATION
 
This is a new section (!). It is MANDATORY to add this section from version 3.17 of the program. I don't like adding new sections, because it increases the number of settings and complexity of the input file, but it's necessary. However, SECTION 32 is an invariant section (not required to customize for each design), and in its simplest version, it is reduced to writing the parameter 0.

The program separates the different pieces (panels, ribs, ...) drawn in 2D automatically, trying to not overlap with each other or put outside the drawing box. However, sometimes the separation between the pieces is not as we would like. Therefore, we have added some parameters to modify the automatic separation criteria. These are coefficients, around 1.0 that reduce or increase the separations in horizontal (x) or vertical (y) directions. If in doubt, you do not need to change any of the parameters in this section, leave the default values to 1.0, or put a single parameter 0 at the beginning, which is equivalent to maintaining the default default values. Read the manual to know the meaning of each value. Read more here.

Example 1:

*******************************************************
*       32. PARAMETERS FOR PARTS SEPARATION
*******************************************************
0

Example 2:

*******************************************************
*       32. PARAMETERS FOR PARTS SEPARATION
*******************************************************
1
panel_x        1.1
panel_x_min    1.0
panel_y        0.9
rib_x          1.0
rib_y          1.15
parameter6     1.0
parameter7     1.0
parameter8     1.0
parameter9     1.0
parameter10    1.0


OTHER MINOR FIXES included in version 3.17:

- Bug fixed on horizontal straps length type 1 (an error that only affects versions 3.15z and 3.16)
- Width of horizontal straps type 1, now only affected once by the general scale factor (at 3.15z and 3.16 it was multiplied twice)
- Start and end points of the nylon rods now marked with two blue dots.
- Font size in the lines list is now defined by mark type9, third parameter, in SECTION 20.
- As of this release, the LEparagliding executables are "statically compiled". This means that some Fortran libraries are automatically added to the .out (Linux, OSX) and .exe (Windows) executable files. In theory, this will help run the program on the computers of users who do not have Fortran compilers installed. The regular user does not need to know anything about this. But if you are curious and want to know what is the instruction used for static compilation is the following:
    gfortran -static-libgfortran leparagliding.f
        gfortran -static-libgfortran pre-processor.f

1) In section 32, I enabled a coefficient called "rib_1y" which is used to vertically move type 1 or type 11 horizontal straps so they don't overlap with other diagonal V-ribs. Using rib_1y = 1.0 it is printed as always, using rib_1y = 1.8 the horizontal straps are above (experiment with different values of the coefficient, also with negative numbers)

2) The name of the new version is "Vinebre", a town in Catalonia.

3) Added the noNAN.sh bash scipt. Unable to open dxf file. The NaN problem.

I mentioned this problem earlier. Sometimes, when doing mathematical calculations, with a certain angle or numerical value, there is a division by zero or another illegal operation. When this happens, the Fortran executable writes the value "NaN", which means "Not a Number". When writing the NaN value to the DXF file, some CAD programs do not know how to interpret it correctly and cannot open the file. For example, this happens with Autocad, but not with LibreCAD. To resolve this issue, you can open the dxf file with a word processor (for example, Word, or gvim) and automatically replace the NaN text string with the numeric value 0.0
This solves the problem. If you are using a Linux operating system, Mac OSX with console, or Windows with cygwin console, copy the noNAN.sh script to the lep folder and run the script as ./noNAN.sh
This will automatically change the NaN values to 0.0 and repair the dxf file.

This script can also be run directly from the console as:

sed -i 's/NaN/0.0/g' leparagliding.dxf

In section 29, all the "Print parameters" are now active.
Optional 3D tessellation in lep-3d.dxf
New file lep-3d-surfaces.dxf automatically generated
New file lep-3d-surfaces.scad automatically generated (view in OpenSCAD)
New file lep-3d-surfaces.stl automatically generated

The .stl file it is generated with the intention of being able to analyze the whole wing with a CFD program. Some colleagues are already working on this

Example 5: Use minimal 3D shaping definition, and enabling the external DXF, SCAD, and STL files.

*******************************************************
*       29. 3D SHAPING
*******************************************************
1
1
groups  1
group   1    1    1
upper   0    1
lower   0    1
* Print parameters
Inter3D 0    1    1    0
Ovali3D 0    1    1    0
tesse3D 1    1    15    1   > Enable 3D tessellation in lep-3d.dxf from panel 1 to 15 and do symmetrical
exteDXF 1    1    15    0   > Enable 3D tessellation in independent file lep-3d-surfaces.dxf from panel 1 to 15 and do one side
exteSTL 1    1    15    1   > Enable 3D tessellation in independent file lep-3d-surfaces.stl from panel 1 to 15 and do symmetrical

More details here

The use of the program remains "cryptic", but very powerful and "easy". Thus is only recommended for people accustomed to work with text files containing sorted data, and CAD systems. No graphical user interface, but its mode of operation does not need. Is necessary, a pre-processing of data in CAD systems (or equivalent analytical tools) and a CAD post-process of the DXF resulting files, for printing or for the automated cutting table.

The program works by reading some data files:

 leparagliding.txt that contains all the geometric description of the glider
 and files of profiles gnua.txt gnuat.txt or others.

Then the program calculates and draws the glider in 2D and 3D in a few seconds. The results are obtained in the following files:

leparagliding.dxf containing drawings to be interpreted and plotted with a CAD program (Use LibreCAD if AutoCAD20XX do not open)
lep-3d.dxf containing 3D drawings model of the glider and lines
lep-out.txt containing the summary of the geometric and aerodynamic parameters calculated, and the length of all lines.
lines.txt human-readable list of lines
lep-3d-surface.dxf (wing surface in dxf format, not ready yet)
lep-3d-surface.stl (wing surface in slt format, not ready yet)

Program works in GNU/Linux, Windows all versions, and MAC OSX.

LEP user manual (english version)
LEP user manual (russian version)
FAQ leparagliding
Informative notes about cygwin .dll's libraries used in Windows versions
Informative notes about source code compilation optional.
About the Graphical User Interface
About the pre-processor
Updates_log.txt (cumulative list of changes in versions)
License GNU GPL 3.0
Screenshots

(*) Version compiled for microcomputer Pi4/Pi400
(**) Compiled for MAC OSX by Julien Caquineau